Dialysis: Hoe it works, Risks

How does dialysis work?

Dialysis is a medical procedure used to perform the functions of the kidneys when they are not working properly. The two main types of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

1. Hemodialysis: In hemodialysis, blood is pumped out of the body and through a dialyzer, which is a machine that acts as an artificial kidney. Inside the dialyzer, the blood flows through thin fibers that filter out waste products and excess fluids. The cleaned blood is then returned to the body.
2. Peritoneal dialysis: Peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of the abdomen (the peritoneum) as a filter to remove waste and excess fluid from the body. A cleansing solution (dialysate) is infused into the abdomen through a catheter. The peritoneum acts as a filter, allowing waste and fluid to pass from the blood into the dialysate. The used dialysate is then drained from the abdomen, removing the waste and excess fluid.

Both types of dialysis help to maintain the body’s balance of electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, and calcium) and fluids, which is crucial for overall health. People with kidney failure often need regular dialysis treatments to stay healthy.

What conditions are treated with dialysis?

Dialysis is primarily used to treat kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This condition occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to function well enough to meet the body’s needs. Dialysis helps to perform the functions of the kidneys by removing waste, salt, and extra water to prevent them from building up in the body.

Conditions that may lead to kidney failure and require dialysis include:

1. Chronic kidney disease (CKD): Progressive loss of kidney function over time.
2. Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes can damage the kidneys.
3. High blood pressure: Long-term uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage the kidneys.
4. Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units (glomeruli).
5. Polycystic kidney disease: A genetic disorder causing cysts to develop in the kidneys.
6. Kidney stones: Can block the flow of urine and lead to kidney damage.
7. Infections: Severe infections affecting the kidneys can cause damage.
8. Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like lupus and other autoimmune disorders can affect kidney function.
9. Birth defects: Some people are born with abnormalities in the kidneys that can lead to kidney failure.

Dialysis is not a cure for kidney failure but is a life-saving treatment that helps manage the condition and maintain the body’s overall health.

What are the complications and side effects of dialysis?

Dialysis is generally a safe procedure, but like any medical treatment, it can have complications and side effects. Some common complications and side effects of dialysis include:

1. Low blood pressure (hypotension): This can occur during or after dialysis due to fluid removal or rapid changes in electrolyte levels.
2. Muscle cramps: These can occur during or after dialysis, often due to changes in fluid and electrolyte levels.
3. Itching: Some people experience itching, which can be due to the buildup of waste products in the body.
4. Infection: Peritoneal dialysis carries a risk of infection in the abdomen (peritonitis), while hemodialysis can lead to infections around the access site for the dialysis catheter or fistula.
5. Blood clots: Hemodialysis can increase the risk of blood clots, especially in the access site for the dialysis catheter or fistula.
6. Anemia: Dialysis can lead to a decrease in red blood cells, which can cause anemia.
7. Bone and joint pain: Dialysis can affect calcium and phosphorus levels, which can lead to bone and joint pain.
8. Fluid overload: If too much fluid is removed during dialysis, it can lead to dehydration or electrolyte imbalances.
9. Heart problems: Dialysis can stress the heart, especially if there are underlying heart issues.
10. Peritonitis: A serious infection of the peritoneum, which can occur in peritoneal dialysis.

It’s important for individuals undergoing dialysis to follow their treatment plan closely and report any symptoms or concerns to their healthcare team.

What is the life expectancy with kidney failure?

The life expectancy for individuals with kidney failure can vary widely depending on several factors, including age, overall health, underlying cause of kidney failure, and treatment received (such as dialysis or kidney transplantation).

1. Without treatment: Without dialysis or a kidney transplant, kidney failure is usually fatal. The exact life expectancy varies, but it is generally a matter of weeks to months.
2. With dialysis: Dialysis can help to prolong life, but it is not a cure for kidney failure. The average life expectancy for individuals on dialysis is about 5-10 years, but many people live longer with proper treatment and care.
3. With kidney transplant: A kidney transplant can significantly improve life expectancy and quality of life for people with kidney failure. The average life expectancy for a kidney transplant recipient is about 10-15 years, but many people live much longer with a functioning transplant.

It’s important to note that these are general estimates and individual outcomes can vary. Lifestyle factors, adherence to treatment, and access to healthcare can all play a role in life expectancy for people with kidney failure. It’s best to discuss prognosis and treatment options with a healthcare provider familiar with the individual’s medical history.